Vitamin O supposedly contains ingredients that release oxygen, but there is little scientific evidence to back this claim. Pregnancy and breast-feeding: There isn't enough reliable information to.
Generic Name: vitamin E (VYE ta min E), tocopherol alpha
Brand Names:Aqua-E, Aquasol E, Aquavite-E, Aqueous Vitamin E, E-400 Clear
Medically reviewed by Sophia Entringer, PharmD Last updated on Apr 25, 2019.
What is vitamin E?
Vitamin E is an antioxidant that occurs naturally in foods such as nuts, seeds, and leafy green vegetables. Vitamin E is a fat-soluble vitamin important for many processes in the body.
Vitamin E is used to treat or prevent vitamin E deficiency. People with certain diseases may need extra vitamin E.
Important information
Follow all directions on your medicine label and package. Tell each of your healthcare providers about all your medical conditions, allergies, and all medicines you use.
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Ask a doctor or pharmacist if it is safe for you to use vitamin E if you have other medical conditions, especially:
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FDA pregnancy category C. It is not known whether vitamin E will harm an unborn baby. Taking vitamin E in amounts that do not exceed the recommended dietary allowance (RDA) is considered safe; however, supplementation is not generally recommended unless dietary vitamin E falls below the RDA. Do not use this medicine without a doctor's advice if you are pregnant.
See also:
Vitamin e pregnancy and breastfeeding warnings (in more detail)
It is not known whether vitamin E passes into breast milk or if it could harm a nursing baby. Do not use this medicine without a doctor's advice if you are breast-feeding a baby.
Your dose needs may be different during pregnancy or while you are nursing.
How should I take vitamin E?
Use vitamin E products exactly as directed on the label, or as prescribed by your doctor. Do not use in larger or smaller amounts or for longer than recommended.
Vitamin E works best if you take it with food.
Measure liquid medicine with the dosing syringe provided, or with a special dose-measuring spoon or medicine cup. If you do not have a dose-measuring device, ask your pharmacist for one.
Artificially sweetened liquid medicine may contain phenylalanine. Check the medication label if you have phenylketonuria (PKU).
The recommended dietary allowance of vitamin E increases with age. Follow your healthcare provider's instructions. You may also consult the Office of Dietary Supplements of the National Institutes of Health, or the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) Nutrient Database (formerly 'Recommended Daily Allowances') listings for more information.
If you need surgery or a medical procedure, tell the surgeon ahead of time that you are using vitamin E. You may need to stop using the medicine for a short time.
Store at room temperature away from moisture and heat.
See also:
Vitamin e dosage information (in more detail)
What happens if I miss a dose?
Take the missed dose as soon as you remember. Skip the missed dose if it is almost time for your next scheduled dose. Do not take extra medicine to make up the missed dose.
What happens if I overdose?
Seek emergency medical attention or call the Poison Help line at 1-800-222-1222.
Overdose symptoms may include stomach pain, nausea, diarrhea, dizziness, headache, tiredness, blurred vision, or tiredness.
What should I avoid while taking vitamin E?
Avoid taking other vitamins, mineral supplements, or nutritional products without your doctor's advice.
If you also take orlistat (alli, Xenical), do not take it within 2 hours before or 2 hours after you take vitamin E.
Vitamin E side effects
Get emergency medical help if you have any of these signs of an allergic reaction to vitamin E: hives; difficult breathing; swelling of your face, lips, tongue, or throat.
Stop taking vitamin E and call your doctor at once if you have:
Common vitamin E side effects may include:
This is not a complete list of side effects and others may occur. Call your doctor for medical advice about side effects. You may report side effects to FDA at 1-800-FDA-1088.
Vitamin E dosing information
Usual Adult Dose for Vitamin E Deficiency:
Treatment: 60 to 75 units orally once daily.
Prevention: 30 units orally once daily.
Usual Adult Dose for Tardive Dyskinesia:
600 to 1600 units orally per day.
Usual Adult Dose for Sickle Cell Anemia:
450 units orally per day.
Usual Adult Dose for Alzheimer's Disease:
1000 units orally twice daily.
Usual Adult Dose for Dietary Supplement:
Oral liquid formulation (AQUA-E): 200 units (10 mL) orally once daily.
Usual Pediatric Dose for Vitamin E Deficiency:
1 unit/kg/day orally of water-miscible vitamin E.
Usual Pediatric Dose for Retinopathy Prophylaxis: Abbyy lingvo dictionary 1.10.2 crack.
Prevention of retinopathy of prematurity or Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) secondary to oxygen therapy: 15 to 30 units/kg/day to maintain plasma levels between 1.5 to 2 mcg/mL (may need as high as 100 units/kg/day). Note: AAP considers this use investigational and routine use is not recommended.
Usual Pediatric Dose for Cystic Fibrosis:
https://jnuohl.weebly.com/templates-for-numbers-by-nobody-11.html. 100 to 400 units/day orally.
Usual Pediatric Dose for Dietary Supplement:
Dosing: 1 unit vitamin E = 1 mg dl-alpha-tocopherol acetate.
Oral: Adequate Intake (AI): 1 to less than 6 months: 4 units daily 6 to less than 12 months: 5 units daily Recommended Daily Allowance (RDA): 1 to 3 years: 6 units daily 4 to 8 years: 7 units daily 9 to 13 years: 11 units daily 13 years and Older: 15 units daily What other drugs will affect vitamin E?
Tell your doctor about all medicines you use, and those you start or stop using during your treatment, especially:
This list is not complete. Other drugs may interact with vitamin E, including prescription and over-the-counter medicines, vitamins, and herbal products. Not all possible interactions are listed in this medication guide.
See also:
Vitamin e drug interactions (in more detail)
Further informationVitamin Reviews
Remember, keep this and all other medicines out of the reach of children, never share your medicines with others, and use this product only for the indication prescribed. Cleanmymac x 4.2.1 tnt dmg download.
Always consult your healthcare provider to ensure the information displayed on this page applies to your personal circumstances.
Copyright 1996-2020 Cerner Multum, Inc. Version: 2.07.
More about vitamin eConsumer resources
Other brands:Alpha E, Aqua Gem-E, Aquasol E, E Pherol, .. +6 more
Professional resourcesRelated treatment guides
Semin Hematol. Author manuscript; available in PMC 2011 Apr 1.
Vitamin Rocket
Published in final edited form as:
doi: 10.1053/j.seminhematol.2010.02.003
NIHMSID: NIHMS179928
The publisher's final edited version of this article is available at Semin Hematol
See other articles in PMC that cite the published article.
Introduction
On November 26th, 1997, a little-known monoclonal antibody called rituximab was approved by the US Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of relapsed/refractory non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL). Over a decade later, rituximab has become one of the biggest therapeutic advancements in the treatment of lymphoid malignancies, redefining the standard of care for a vast majority of B-cell neoplasms. Both as a single agent and in combination with cytotoxic chemotherapy, rituximab has significantly improved response rates and progression-free survival in a variety of lymphoid malignancies, as well as overall survival and cure rates in aggressive NHL. Rituximab has also demonstrated considerable utility in a number of autoimmune hematologic and rheumatologic diseases, and is increasingly being turned to as a well-tolerated, relatively safe, and often less invasive alternative to traditional therapies for these conditions. In fact, rituximab has demonstrated safety and activity in so many diseases that it has been nicknamed “vitamin R”! All joking aside, as much as the use of rituximab has enhanced treatment options, there are still many unanswered questions and opportunities for further improvement remain aplenty.
Despite a decade of experience, rituximab has preserved a certain “magical” quality. First of all, there is the experience that it can be safely added to virtually any treatment. Who would have ever thought that a drug which essentially obliterates an entire arm of the immune system for extended periods of time, could be as safe as rituximab has proven to be? Furthermore, rituximab can be combined with virtually any existing treatment strategy without significantly increased toxicity. –In this regard we may in fact have been spoiled and other monoclonal antibodies or targeted agents may not necessarily be so safe and unproblematic to integrate into existing treatment regimens.
In addition to rituximab’s safety profile, uncertainties about its mechanism of action, controversies about optimal dosing, and unique and still only partially appreciated aspects of its pharmacokinetics add to the “magic”. With regard to mechanism, we know that rituximab binds to the large extracellular loop of CD20 on the surface of B-cells and depletes them. We know that cell death can occur through complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC), antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC), and (in some experimental systems) direct signaling. We still do not know, however, exactly how these mechanisms interface and affect each other within different tissue compartments, or how important each mechanism is individually within the context of a given disease. We also do not know whether we are maximizing efficacy and minimizing drug resistance with the current standard dose of 375mg/m2. With regard to efficacy, a recent study using a murine lymphoma model demonstrated a clear association between high tumor burden and both low post-infusion rituximab serum levels and inferior response, a finding that raises the possibility that we may in fact be underdosing some patients with high burdens of disease by using a dose that is adjusted only for body surface area. With regard to drug resistance, recent attention has been paid to “CD20 shaving”, a process whereby rituximab/CD20 immune complexes on malignant B cells are removed by FcγR-expressing effector cells, essentially rendering a significant portion of residual disease CD20-negative and thus refractory to subsequent rituximab treatment. It is thought that saturation/exhaustion of B-cell clearance mechanisms may lead to CD20 shaving. Given concerns over both insufficient dosing in the presence of high tumor burden and mechanisms of drug resistance related to bolus dosing, it may come as no surprise that some investigators have explored massively increased doses of rituximab to increase efficacy,, while others have studied a metronomic approach of frequent low doses of rituximab to avoid CD20 loss., A more complete understanding of the in vivo pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of rituximab may pave the way to even greater efficacy than currently possible. Time and well designed studies will tell.
This edition of Seminars begins with detailed discussions of the CD20 molecule and the mechanisms of action of and resistance to rituximab, followed by reviews of its use in low-grade lymphomas, high-grade lymphomas, CLL, and autoimmune hematologic disease. These reviews provide a comprehensive overview of the clinical use of rituximab to date, as well as food for thought regarding some of the most pertinent unanswered questions regarding its use. Attention is then devoted to the phenomenon of “late-onset” rituximab-associated neutropenia, followed by a review of rituximab-associated infections. Lastly, we are given an exciting glimpse into the future with a discussion of novel anti-CD20 antibodies that hold the potential for even greater efficacy.
As John F. Kennedy once said in regards to scientific progress, “The greater our knowledge increases, the greater our ignorance unfolds.” Rituximab, a product of remarkable advances in biomedicine, has become a highly effective instrument in the treatment of hematologic diseases. At the same time it has exposed areas of ignorance, which have stimulated new discoveries that will further improve treatment options for our patients.
Footnotes
Publisher's Disclaimer: This is a PDF file of an unedited manuscript that has been accepted for publication. As a service to our customers we are providing this early version of the manuscript. The manuscript will undergo copyediting, typesetting, and review of the resulting proof before it is published in its final citable form. Please note that during the production process errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal pertain.
ReferencesVitamin R Meaning
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